APRIL is the month when spring (hopefully) really kicks into

The return of butterflies

This butterfly, as its name suggests, is a species of woodlands and shady hedgerows, where it can be seen flying through dappled sunlight or perching in open areas.

Historically found throughout most of England and in the north and west of Scotland, this species is actually increasing its range. As a result, it has colonised new areas, including East Lothian, which is nice, and now means that these beautiful insects are a relatively common sight.

There are actually three subspecies of speckled wood in the UK. One is found only on the Scilly Isles, so we’re unlikely to see them around these parts. The populations to the north-west and to the south of us are formed from the two other distinct subspecies. Butterflies seen in eastern Scotland are effectively on the frontier of the advance of the southern subspecies.

Males and females look very similar, both being dark brown with off-white spots. The underside of the wings has a more mottled appearance without the clear markings. There are geographical variations, with butterflies in more southerly areas of the UK having orange spots. They are relatively easy to spot in flight, but at rest they can blend in very effectively with background foliage.

Most butterfly species feed on the nectar produced by flowers, but not these rugged individualists. Instead, they prefer honeydew – a sweet, sticky liquid produced by aphids and secreted onto leaves. They do occasionally feed on nectar, but this tends to be early or late in the summer when aphid numbers are low.

"Can be very territorial and aggressive"

 

There’s an understandable tendency to think of butterflies as frail, delicate creatures. However, males of some species, including the speckled wood, can be very territorial and aggressive.

Once a male has established his territory, usually based around a woodland clearing, he will find a prominent perch from which to keep an eye out. Any passing receptive female will be welcomed into the area, but rival males will be intercepted and driven off.

After mating, the female will lay her eggs on assorted grass species, including the magnificently named Yorkshire fog and cock’s-foot. These grasses form the major food plants of the caterpillars, which are, like most caterpillars, fairly fussy about what they eat.

At first, these larvae are a pale yellow, with a black head. As they grow, they become more green with pale creamy-yellow lines running the length of the body. Frankly, they’re not much to look at, but it does make them well camouflaged.

The reappearance of butterflies is a sure sign of springtime, and several species should be taking to the wing this month. Most will be found in open, sunny places, but look out for the speckled wood displaying its gothic tendencies and lurking in the shadows. Cue ominous music…